meander - To follow a winding and turning, seemingly random or chaotic course. Curvatious windings or sinuosities, as of a stream or path. May refer, in Greek art and architecture, to a fret or key pattern.

Meanders are among the ten classes of patterns.

(pr. mee-AN-dər)

Example of meander in art:

Brice Marden (American, 1938-), Couplet III, 1988-9, oil on canvas, 274.0 x 152.0 cm, Tate Gallery, London. In the 1980s, Marden developed a fluid and expressive style that he said was influenced by nature, Eastern mysticism, and calligraphy. In such paintings as Couplet III Marden produced webs of meandering lines that resemble roots and branches.

Tim Hawkinson (American, 1960-), two works: back: Graph, 1999, red ink on chrome-coated paper on wooden panel, 96 x 144 inches; right and detail: Wall Chart of World History from Earliest Times to the Present, 1997, pen and pencil on paper, 51 x 396 inches, ACE Gallery, Soho, NY, NY. A detail of Wall Chart exhibits the sort of meandering design Wilkinson drew all over this work — "what appears to be an obsessivly elaborate improvisational drawing of intestines, Pre-Columbian motifs, a labyrinth of inner and outer space," said a critic on artseensoho.com. See diagram, graph, obsession, Pre-Columbian art, and space.

Also see form, labyrinth, line, serpentine, shape, snake, and straight.

meaning - What is conveyed or signified by something; its sense or significance. An interpretation. However an artist may intend an artwork to impart meaning, and whatever an artist does to pack a work with meaning, in the end, it is the viewer who creates meaning in each and every image.

Quotations:

• "The best of a book is not the thought which it contains, but the thought which it suggests; just as the charm of music dwells not in the tones but in the echoes of our hearts."
  Oliver Wendell Holmes (1809-1894), American physician and writer.
  
  
• "Those who talk on the razor-edge of double-meanings pluck the rarest blooms from the precipice on either side."
  Logan Pearsall Smith (1865-1946), American essayist, aphorist. Afterthoughts, "In the World", 1931. See aphorism.
  
  
• "Don't everlastingly read messages into paintings — there's the Daisy — you Don't rave over or read messages into it — you just look at that bully little Flower — isn't that enough?"
  John Marin (1872-1953), American modernist painter. See modernism.
  
  
• "The least of things with a meaning is worth more in life than the greatest of things without it."
  Carl Jung (1875-1961), Austrian psychiatrist. Modern Man in Search of a Soul, 1933.
  
  
• "Human life itself may be almost pure chaos, but the work of the artist — the only thing he's good for — is to take these handfuls of confusion and disparate things, things that seem to be irreconcilable, and put them together in a frame to give them some kind of shape and meaning. Even if it's only his view of a meaning. That's what he's for — to give his view of life."
  Katherine Anne Porter (1890-1980), American short-story writer, novelist. Interview in Writers at Work, Second Series, edited by George Plimpton, 1963. See chaos.
  
  
• "Life has to be given a meaning because of the obvious fact that it has no meaning."
  Henry Miller (1891-1980), American author. The Wisdom of the Heart, "Creative Death", 1947.
  
  
• "Today, each artist must undertake to invent himself, a lifelong act of creation that constitutes the essential content of the artist's work. The meaning of art in our time flows from this function of self-creation. Art is the laboratory for making new men."
  Harold Rosenberg (1906-1978), American art critic, author. Discovering the Present, part 4, chapter 24, 1973. See art critic.
  
  
• "Just as all thought, and primarily that of non-signification, signifies something, so there is no art that has no signification."
  Albert Camus (1913-1960), French-Algerian philosopher, author. The Rebel, part 4, 1951; translated 1953. See existentialism.
  
  
• "All photographs are there to remind us of what we forget. In this — as in other ways — they are the opposite of paintings. Paintings record what the painter remembers. Because each one of us forgets different things, a photo more than a painting may change its meaning according to who is looking at it."
  John Berger (1926-), British novelist, critic. Keeping a Rendezvous, "How Fast Does It Go?", 1992.
  
  
• "Everywhere one seeks to produce meaning, to make the world signify, to render it visible. We are not, however, in danger of lacking meaning; quite the contrary, we are gorged with meaning and it is killing us."
  Jean Baudrillard (1929-), French semiologist.The Ecstasy of Communication, "Seduction, or the Superficial Abyss", 1987.
  
  
• "The meanings of things aren't stable. Anything can mean almost anything."
  Jasper Johns (1930-) American Pop art painter. Interviewed by Peter Plagens, Newsweek, "Rally Round the Flag Boys," October 28, 1996.
  
  
• "By day, Structuralists constructed the structure of meaning and pondered the meaning of structure. By night, Deconstructivists pulled the cortical edifice down. And the next day the Structuralists started in again."
  Tom Wolfe (1931-), American journalist, author. From Bauhaus to Our House, chapter 5, 1981. See deconstruction and structuralism.
  
  
• "In every act of looking there is an expectation of meaning."
  Berger and Mohr, Another Way of Telling, 1982.

Also see absurd, aesthetics, ambiguous, amphibolous, art criticism, attitude, coherence, communication, concept, creativity, cryptic, definition, déjà vu, description, empiricism, epistemology, expression, fantasy, gestalt, graphic design, iconology, irony, knowledge, memory, mind, mystery, nuance, quotations, semiotics, text, and theater.

measure and measurement - See angstrom, Centigrade, centiliter, centimeter, circumference, cubic, diameter, dimension, direction, foot, gauge, gram, hardness, horology, iconometer, inch, kilogram, liter, meter, metric system, mil, milliliter, millimeter, paper, pi, pica, polygon, polyhedron, pound, quart, ream, scale, size, temperature, time, volume, weight, yard, and the names of the kinds of materials to be measured, such as color, light, nails, paper, sand, sheet metal, and wire. (pr. MEH-zhər)

Related links:

• To understand or to convert other units of measure than those found here, go to flw.com.

Also see assessment, ASTM International (American Society for Testing and Materials), effort, interdisciplinary, music, protractor, rhythm, mathematics and art, science and art, sequence, and straight.

mechanical drawing - Drawing of mechanical subjects, done by a draftsman with the help of mechanical tools or instruments, such as a compass and a T-square. More of this kind of drawing is being done with the use of computers than in the past, and is then referred to as computer graphics or computer assisted design (CAD). This is the opposite of freehand drawing.

Examples:

Here is a photo of a manufactured machine part, and two mechanical drawings of it, each a different point of view.

Also see applied arts, commercial art, cross-section, draftsmanship, fabricate, French curve, line, linear, perspective, plan, and scale.

mechanical scale - The size or proportion (scale) of something relative to an accepted standard of measurement, as when the dimensions of a doorway or a staircase are other than those established to relate to human scale.

Also see architecture, iconometer, and visual scale.

medal - A flat piece of metal that is embossed or engraved with a design, and intended to honor or remember a person or event. Medals are usually coin-shaped. The front or primary side is known as the obverse, and the back or secondary side as the reverse.

Examples:

French, Bust of Louis XIV (1644-1712), silver medal, Bibliotheque Nationale de France, Paris. See Baroque, engraving, and portrait.

France, St. Christopher Medal, early 20th century, British Museum, London. According to legend, St. Christopher was a strong man who served Christ by carrying travelers across a river, and on one occasion carried a small child who eventually revealed his identity. Wearing such a medal as this, many have believed, will protect them when travelling, making it also an amulet. On the medal's obverse is a traditional representation of the saint carrying Christ. On the reverse is an early automobile, along with an inscription meaning, "Look at St. Christopher and travel strengthened." The Roman Catholic Church officially withdrew sainthood from St. Christopher in 1969.

Paul Manship (American, 1886-1966), John F. Kennedy Inaugural Medal (obverse and reverse), 1961, bronze, National Museum of American Art, Washington, D.C.

Also see American Watercolor Society (AWS), exonumia, and memorial.

medallion - A large medal worn around the neck on a heavy chain, ribbon, or rope. Or, a relief sculpture resembling a medal, usually of circular or oval design, used as a decoration.

Examples:

Sofonisba Anguissola (Italian, c. 1535-1625), Self-Portrait, c. 1555, oil on parchment, 3 1/4 x 2 1/2 inches (8.2 x 6.3 cm), Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. The artist holds a medallion inscribed in Latin around the rim: "The maiden Sofonisba Anguissola, depicted by her own hand, from a mirror, at Cremona." Inside the circle is a cryptogram whose entwined letters are included in the name of Anguissola's father, Amilcare. The meaning and original purpose of this enigmatic portrait remain a mystery. See Baroque, circle, cryptic, feminism and feminist art, miniature, mirror, oval, and self-portrait.

Guillaume Dupre (French, c. 1576 - 1643), Marie de Medicis, Queen of France, 1624, bronze, Hood Museum of Art, Dartmouth College, NH.

John Broadwood and Son, piano designer (English, active 1795-1808), with cameos and medallions designed by Josiah Wedgwood (1730-1795), case decoration by Thomas Sheraton (1751-1806), Grand Piano, 1796, veneered case of satinwood, tulipwood, and purpleheart with Wedgwood cameos and medallions; piano: 97 7/8 x 43 7/8 x 35 7/8 inches (248.7 x 111.5 x 91.2 cm), detail of lilac Wedgwood medallion: c. 3 inches across (7.6 cm), Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. See wood.

Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze (German-American, 1816-1869), Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way, 1861, oil on canvas, 33 1/4 x 43 3/8 inches, Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC. The painting's title, taken from a poem written in 1726 by Irish poet George Berkeley, became a motto for America's quest for Manifest Destiny — the 19th century drive to grow the nation over vast frontiers. Here a group of pioneers have just passed Native Americans to achieve the summit of a climactic, mountainous barrier. Leutze placed a panoramic view of their ultimate goal, San Francisco Bay, at the bottom of the composition, flanked by medallion portraits of William Lewis and Daniel Boone. This easel painting is a study for a mural in the United States Capitol. See history painting.

French?, Lace Medallion, late 19th century, "point de France" style needlepoint, monogrammed "FGP", diameter 61/2 inches (16.5 cm), Marla Mallett collection, Atlanta, GA. See textile and medallion.

Augustus Saint-Gaudens (American, born Ireland, 1848-1907), Robert Louis Stevenson, originally modeled 1887-88, reworked in reduction and cast 1895-1926, bronze, 17 9/16 x 17 3/17 inches (44.6 x 43.7 cm), North Carolina Art Museum, Raleigh. Saint-Gaudens reported, "I began the medallion at his rooms in the Hotel Astor [in New York City]."

Also see pendant, plaque, and radial.

media - The plural form of medium. Also, may refer to mass media, which includes such printed media as books, magazines, and newspapers; radio; cinema; and such electronic media as television, Web pages, CD-ROMs, DVDs, etc. The term new media has become widely used from the early 1990s to refer to the latest electronic media, as well as what effects are now possible with recently developed hardware devices and software.

Also see feather, hypermedia, and mixed media.

medieval - Refers to the Middle Ages.

mediocre - Ordinary; average to inferior in quality, with a negative connotation.

Quotes:

• "It is fatal for art if it is forced into official respectability and condemned to sterile mediocrity."
  Gustave Courbet (1819-1877), French Realist painter.
  
  
• "They are good furniture pictures, unworthy of praise, and undeserving of blame."
  John Ruskin (1819-1900), English art critic, author. Modern Painters, volume 3, part 1, section 5, chapter 5 (1856).

Also see bad art, derivative, miserable failure, and ugly.

medium - The material or technique used by an artist to produce a work of art.

Medium can also refer to what carries a paint's pigments, and is also called a vehicle or a base. The medium is what determines what kind of paint is produced. A painter can mix a medium with its solvents, pigments and other substances in order to make paint and control its consistency. A variety of mediums are available that provide a matte, semi-gloss, or glossy finish.

The plural form can be either media or mediums.

Be careful not to confuse "medium" with " solvent." Thanks to Julie Shaw at BCC in Chico!

Also see binder, clay, conté crayon, feather, filler, glass, ink, mass media, metal, mixed media, new media, oil, ox gall, paper, polymer clay, stone, support, synthetic, tradigital, and wetting agent.

megalith - Literally, "great stone"; a large, roughly hewn stone used in the construction of monumental, Stone Age structures such as dolmen. The adjectival form is megalithic.

Related resource:

• Chris Whitcombe's Art History Resources on the Web: Prehistoric Art.

Also see colossus and colossal, cromlech, menhir, monolith, and obelisk.

megalography - A genre in which representations are intended to glorify or idealize excessively some event, person or thing.

megaron - A rectangular hall, fronted by an open, two-columned porch, traditional in Greece since Mycenaean times.

Also see Greek art.

megilp - A mixture of linseed oil and mastic (or turpentine) used as a medium.

mehndi - The traditional art of hand and foot painting in India, and parts of Africa and the Middle East, especially for weddings, festivals, and other celebrations. (Literally, mehndi is an Indian word meaning myrtle, a plant important to many Indian people, especially those of Rajasthan.) Among the most common motifs in the design of mehndi in India are: kairi (meaning mango) or paisley — portraying a slice of the fruit, rupee (the currency of India), peacock (the national bird of India), singhada (water chestnut), rice, lotus creeper, mehndi (myrtle) plant, sakarpara (a sweet Indian pastry), chopra (a board game), kumbh kalash (sacred urn), tulsi plants, bajot (ceremonial table for serving special meals), and bijani (fan).

Also see body art, Hindu art, and tattoo.

melamine - A synthetic resin or material manufactured from that resin. Melamine can be purchased in tough, non-porous sheets.

melting point - The temperature at which a solid substance becomes liquid.

Some melting points of particular importance:

• platinum melts at 1772° C.
• iron melts at 1535° C.
• nickel melts at 1453° C.
• manganese melts at 1244° C.
• copper melts at 1083° C.
• gold melts at 1063° C.
• silver melts at 960.8° C.
• zinc melts at 419.4° C.
• lead melts at 327.5° C.
• tin melts at 231.89° C.
• frozen water (ordinary ice) melts at 0+° C (32+° F)

The boiling point of a substance is always appreciably higher than its melting point. The boiling point is the temperature at which a material changes from a liquid to a gas. Below the boiling point, the liquid can evaporate to form a vapor. As the material approaches the boiling point, the change from liquid to vapor is rapid, and vapor concentrations in the air can be extremely high. Airborne gases and vapors may pose fire, explosion and health hazards. Sometimes the boiling point of a mixture is given as a range of temperatures. This is because the different ingredients in a mixture can boil at different temperatures.

Also see alloy, flammable, freezing point, hygrothermograph, lost-wax casting, measurement, metal, pyrometric cones (firing ceramics), and temperature conversions between Fahrenheit and Centigrade.

memorabilia - Objects collected for their historical significance, for the memories they evoke — often sentimental. Examples include old posters and other advertisements, election campaign buttons, party invitations, packaging, theater tickets, and other realia and ephemera.  Memorabilia associated with the people and events history remembers is more collectible than objects associated with people and events history forgets.

Souvenirs qualify as memorabilia, but souvenirs are more likely to remind a collector of specific places or events.

(pr. MEH-mah-rə-BEE-lee-ə)

Also see bric-a-brac, found objects, historicity, kitsch, low art, mass media, polypropylene, popular culture, relic, and reliquary.

memorial

memory

menhir - A Stone Age monolith, uncut or roughly cut, standing singly or with others in rows or circles.

Examples:

Dame Barbara Hepworth (English, 1903-1975), Two Figures (Menhirs), 1964, slate, 82.5 x 63.8 x 32.0 cm, Tate Gallery, London. Not really examples; this modern sculpture takes the form of stylized menhirs. See English art, feminism and feminist art, and negative space.

Also see cromlech and dolmen.

mercury gilding - See fire gilding.

Meroitic art - Contemporary with early imperial Rome, the Meroitic civilization flourished along the fertile banks of the Nile River in the land of Kush in what is now the Sudan. This African dynasty traded not only with Egypt to the north but also with Greece, Rome, and peoples of the Near East. Consequently, official Meroitic art reflects the absorption of external influences adapted to serve local rulers.

An example:

Meroitic, Prince Arikankharer Slaying His Enemies, CE 25-41, sandstone, Worcester Art Museum, MA.

Also see archaeology.

mesh - The size of the holes in a screen or sieve; also, to strain through a sieve.

Also see gauge and sand.

Mesoamerican art

mesolithic - See Stone Age.

Mesopotamian art

meta-cognition or metacognition - Thinking about what one is thinking, or, self-monitoring one's cognitive process. Some propose that meta-cognition represents the seventh and highest level of learning outcomes in the cognitive domain — the level of understanding just beyond synthesis and evaluation.

Also see Bloom's Taxonomy and theory.

metal and metallurgy - Metal is a category of elements with supreme capacities for shape-shifting, physical strength, and weight. Metal's surfaces can show an array of colors and textures, capable of polishing to a high gloss. They can be melted, cast, or fused, hammered into thin sheets, or drawn into wire. Typical metals form basic oxides with oxygen, salts with nonmetals, and alloy with each other. Examples include aluminum, antimony, chrome, copper, gold, iron, lead, nichrome, nickel, palladium, platinum, silver, tin, titanium, and zinc.

Metallurgy is the science that deals with procedures used in the extracting metals from their ores, purifying and alloying metals, and creating useful objects from metals. Further information about many such topics can be found in articles about specific metals, techniques, processes, and art forms.

The development of means to form metal objects is among the historical landmarks in human history. In most parts of the world its early uses followed those of stone, ceramics, and textiles. Since ceramics and metallurgy involved fire and an alchemical transformation that must have struck early humans as fantastic, they figured importantly in creation narratives. Artists in primitive cultures often doubled as shamans and priests, but smiths were even more apt to do so. The meshing of religion, economic might, social and political status with daily usefulness is especially potent in metals because of their inherent beauty and durability. In its rawest state, metal has always had high market value and quickly became the most common form of currency. The durability that made it so structurally powerful helped many metal objects survive where ceramics shattered and fibers rotted. But great worth also eradicates objects and therefore history: metal things were, and still are, continuously melted down to make other metal things.

Safety concerns with metals:

1. Edges can be hazardously sharp.
2. Have you had a tetanus shot in the last five years? Tetanus (lockjaw) is a bacterial infection that causes muscle spasms, difficulty opening the mouth (lockjaw), difficulty swallowing, and seizures. It often leads to death. However, proper vaccination can easily prevent it. Tetanus shots usually last for 10 years; however, if you have a nasty wound involving dirty or rusty metal, a booster shot within 48 hours is extra protection.
3. Moving, bending, or cutting off small pieces of metal can make them whip around, and can even make them flying missiles. Users and people nearby should wear protective clothing, and maintain safe distances from each other.
4. Metals conduct electricity.

Also see anneal, arsenic, brass, britannia, bronze, ductile, electroplate, electrum, foil, Index of American Design, interdisciplinary, kerf, leaf, melting point, memory, metallic lamelia, metalpoint, mirror, Mohs Scale of Hardness, nonferrous, openwork, patina, pewter, science and art, solder, staple, temperature, welding, and the names of things made of metal, such as architecture, chisels, fettling knives, nails, needle files, pen nibs, and sculpture.

metallic lamelia - Foil adhered to paper.

metalpoint - A metal stylus of lead, bismuth, silver, or gold, which, when drawn upon an abrasive surface, produces a faint gray line — a trail of extremely fine particles of metal rubbed from the stylus. Metalpoint lines become more visible as those particles oxidize. Artists of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries drew with metalpoint on papers coated with bone-dust or chalk (usually tinted). "Metalpoint" is the most common name for such styluses, even though they may be of any of several different metals, because it is difficult to identify the specific metal a draftsman used by simple observation. Contemporary scientific methods can reliably identify the metal in such work. Alphonse Legros (French, 1837-1911) was one of the several artists who revived the use of metalpoint in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Related link:

• The article on stylus in Drawing Materials and Drawing Techniques, a Guide and Glossary by Michael Miller.

Also see burin, graffito, and stylus.

metallurgy - See metal and metallurgy.

métamatic and métaméchanique - In the work of Jean Tinguely (Swiss, 1925-), machines programmed electronically to act with antimechanical unpredictability, jerking eratically, sometimes scribbling on rolls of paper. Tinguely was influenced by Klee, Miró and Duchamp. His most famous work was Homage to New York, 1960, an assemblage including an old piano, a pram, a meteorological balloon, and various machine parts; it self-destructed with pyrotechnics before a crowd; its remnants now at the Museum of Modern Art, NY.

Also see automata, Dada and Surrealism.

metamorphic rock - Rock formed from igneous or sedimentary rock which has been geologically changed in its crystalline structure by great heat and pressure. Examples include marble, schist, and slate.

Also see stone.

metamorphosis - A transformation, as by magic. To metamorphose is to change in appearance, character, condition, or function. In biology, a change in the form and perhaps the habits of an animal during its normal life cycle, as, in insects, the transformation of a caterpillar into a butterfly and, in amphibians, the changing of a tadpole into a frog.

Examples:

Charles Philipon (French, 1800-1862), La Métamorphose du roi Louis-Philippe en poire (The Metamorphosis of King Louis-Philippe into a Pear), c. 1831, pen and bister-ink drawing, Bibliotheque Nationale de France, Paris.

See these sketches as they were redrawn for publication in Charivari in 1834.

The set of four stages of a metamorphosis begins with an accurate portrait of King Louis-Philippe (1830-1848) whose face Philipon gradually transformed into a pear. The pear immediately was taken as a symbol of the soft, overweight king. Louis-Philippe, the so-called "Citizen King" was a favorite target of republican caricaturists, including Honoré Daumier, until censorship was reinstated in September 1835.

Maurits Cornelis Escher (Dutch , 1898-1972), Metamorphosis II. See horizontal, Op Art, optical illusion, and tessellation.

Roy Lichtenstein (American, 1923-1997), the six prints in the "Bull Profile Series,"

Bull I,

Bull II,

Bull III,

Bull IV,

Bull V,

and Bull VI, 1973, each is a lino-cut on paper, and each is 68.5 x 89.0 cm, Tate Gallery, London. From first to last in this series, Lichtenstein's bulls metamorphose from figurative to abstract. See Pop Art.

Metamorphosis is an important technique in film animation. Using computer programs to produce such effects is sometimes called morphing.

Also see anamorphosis, change, gestalt, gradation, interdisciplinary, rhythm, and science and art.

metaphor - A situation in which a word or thing that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison. One thing conceived as representing another; a symbol. One of the basic tropes, along with simile, metonymy, synecdoche, irony, parody, etc., metaphor is most often confused with simile. But simile is specific, as in Robert Burns' "O my love's like a red, red rose," while metaphor is poetic, as in U.S. Grant's "I am a verb." Grant could have said "I am a man of action, like a verb," which would have been a simile; instead he let the reader take the metaphoric leap. A metaphor is like a fragrance that calls up a powerful memory (which is a simile), while a simile lets a metaphor be its umbrella. (So I strain for effect. A lexicographer's reach must exceed his grasp, or what's a metaphor?)

Quote:

• "The greatest thing by far is to be a master of metaphor, it is the one thing that cannot be learnt from others; and it is also a sign of genius, since a good metaphor implies an intuitive perception of the similarity in [the] dissimilar."
  Aristotle (384-322 BCE), Greek philosopher. S.H. Butcher, Aristotle's Theory of Poetry and Fine Art, 1951.
  
• "Even if a mixed metaphor sings, it should be derailed."
  Anonymous. This is a rule of grammar given a humorous spin.

Also see analogy, appropriation, content, genius, incongruity, labyrinth, representation, and simulacrum.

Metaphysical Painting

metaphysics - The branch of philosophy concerned with the ultimate nature of existence. Ontology (the study of the nature of being), cosmology, and philosophical theology are its main branches.

Quote:

• "Every significant artist is a metaphysician, a propounder of beauty-truths and form-theories."
  Aldous Huxley (1894-1963), British writer. See artist, beauty, form, theory, and truth.

Also see empiricism, epistemology, fifth dimension, interdisciplinary, phenomenology, and teleology.

meter - A measure of distance, a little longer than a yard. To convert meters into centimeters, multiply them by 100; into feet, x 3.28084; into inches, x 39.3701; into yards, x 1.0936. To convert square meters into square feet, multiply them by 10.7639; into square yards, x 1.19599. To convert cubic meters into cubic feet, multiply them by 35.3147, into cubic yards, x 1.30795. Abbreviated m.

métier - An activity or a subject in which an artist specializes, or for which he is especially suited; his forté.

(pr. MAY-tee-ay)

Also see exemplar, exemplum, and master.

metonymy - A situation in which one word or thing is substituted for another with which it is closely associated. Not to be confused with metaphor or symbol. One of the basic tropes, along with metaphor, synecdoche, irony, parody, etc.

(pr. muh-tah'nuh-mee)

Also see analogy, content, simile, and taxis.

metope - The space between triglyphs in a Doric frieze, part of the entablature which is above columns. Or a comparable space on another object.

(pr. MEH-tə-pee)

Examples:

Greece, Cycladic, Large pithos, terra cotta with relief decoration, c. 675 BCE, Archaeological Museum of Thera. The metope on the neck of this vase is decorated with a swan and the band on the shoulder shows two chariots drawn by winged horses. It was taken from a child-burial at the cemetery of ancient Thera, on the north slope of Mt. Sellada. See pithos.

A metope as it figures into a schematic diagram of the Doric order, but not into a diagram of the Ionic order.

Greece, Olympus (Northwest of the Peloponnesus), c. 460 BCE, West Metope from the Temple of Zeus at Olympus: Hercules and the Cretan Bull, Paros marble, height 114 cm, Louvre.

Also see abacus, architrave, classical orders, Greek art, Ionic, and Roman art.

metric system - See centigrade, centimeter, circumference, cubic, diameter, dimension, foot, gauge, gram, horology, inch, kilogram, liter, meter, milliliter, millimeter, paper, pi, pica, polygon, polyhedron, pound, quart, ream, temperature, time, volume, yard, and the names of the kinds of materials to be measured.

Mexican-American art - See Chicano art / Chicana art, Mesoamerican art, and Mexican art.

Mexican art

mezzotint or mezzoprint - In printmaking, an engraving process that is tonal rather than linear, or prints produced by this process. Developed in the seventeenth century, mezzotint was used widely as a reproductive printing process, especially in England, until photographic processes overtook it in the mid-nineteenth century. Mezzotints were most commonly produced from 1780s-1870s. A copper or steel plate is first worked all over with a curved, serrated tool called a rocker, raising burrs over the surface to hold the ink and print as a soft dark tone. The design is then created in lighter tones by scraping out and burnishing areas of the roughened plate so that they hold less ink, or none in highlights. Details may be sharpened by engraving or etching in a "mixed mezzotint."

Some characteristics of mezzotints:

• The plate's surface is roughened to a texture of fine sand paper.
• The plate's surface is then burnished to produce lighter tones.
• The image exhibits an irregular sandy grain structure, and an occasional linear pattern may be detected.

Examples:

James MacArdell, after a painting by C. Jansens, William Harvey. M.D. (1578-1657), n.d., mezzotint, 28.5 x 23.2 cm, published by Charles J. Sawyer, London.

William Say (English engraver, 1768-1834), after a painting by Sir Joshua Reynolds (English, 1723-1792), Sir William Hamilton and Society Dilettante, c. 1780s, mezzotint, 25 1/2 x 18 1/2 inches. See dilettante.

David Lucas (British, 1802-1881), designed by John Constable (British, 1776-1837), Summer Morning, c. 1830, mezzotint, proof before letters, state b, Metropolitan Museum of Art, NY.

Maurits Cornelis Escher (Dutch, 1898-1972), Eye, 1946, mezzotint, 7th and final state. See sight.

Robert Kipniss (American, 1931-), Still Life with Spoon, 1998, mezzotint, 9 3/8 x 11 5/8 inches, National Academy of Design, NY. See still life.

Chuck Close (American, 1940-), Keith, 1972, mezzotint, 114 x 89.5 cm. See Photo-Realism.

Vija Celmins (American, born Latvia, 1939-), Untitled (Web 2), 2001, mezzotint on Hahnemühle Copperplate paper, 18 x 14 3/4 inches, edition of 50, AP of 10, published by Lapis Press, Los Angeles; McKee Gallery, NY.

Related links:

• "The Illustrated Book Study" is a collaborative effort undertaken by Cornell University Library's Department of Preservation and Conservation and Picture Elements, Inc, and the Library of Congress. On its Illustrated Book Study Resolution Samples pages, visitors can examine digital images of prints of several types — collotype, copper engraving, etching, halftone, lithograph, mezzotint, photogravure, steel engraving, and wood engraving — at each of several resolutions — dots per inch (DPI).
  

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