Liao - A Chinese dynasty which lasted 916 - 1125.

liberal arts - The humanities — non-scientific branches of study, such as philosophy, literature, and art, that are concerned with human thought and culture.

Also see art criticism, art history, cognitive, empiricism, epistemology, knowledge, memory, metaphysics, mind, music, ontology, phenomenology, science and art, sense, and teleology.

lierne - A short rib that runs from one main rib of a vault to another.

(pr. lee-ERN)

life drawing - The act of drawing the human figure from a live (often nude) model, and each such drawing produced. Widely considered an essential component of an artist's education, life drawing trains the simultaneous workings of the eyes, the brain, and the hand; and increases skills needed for representation of the human form — arguably the most important subject in art in its long history. Life drawing should increase knowledge of the underlying structure of the human figure — from skeletal to muscle, fat, and skin — the form to which any costume must correspond. Life drawing establishes the importance of seeing the figure dynamically — in its cababilities for variety of pose and composition, action and expression. There are many ways to intensify the learning experience of life drawing. One is the practice of gesture drawing — drawing at relatively great speeds, for as long as five minutes, and as short as a few seconds. Others are continuous-line and contour drawing.

Examples:

Mike Reed (American, contemporary), Gesture Drawing of Reclining Woman, charcoal pencil on newsprint, 18 x 11 inches, drawn while observing a model's 5 minute pose. "I am absolutely persuaded that almost every drawing issue an artist will encounter can be found in the human figure," Mike Reed has said.

Tony DiTerlizzi (American, 1969-), Life Drawing of a Male Model, Berol Prismacolor terra cotta and China white pencils on paper, 11 x 8 1/2 inches, the artist. Visit the artist's site.

Elizabeth Luce (American, contemporary), Life Drawing Female Nude, charcoal on paper.

Matthew Henry (American, contemporary), Life Drawing Female Model, pastel and wash on paper.

Also see academy figure, anatomy, bone structure, and écorché.

life mask - A cast of the face of a living person. Usually such casts have been made from a mold produced by placing gesso or plaster on the face, with a passage provided for breathing through the mold. Such a mold is likely to be of one piece, since the face is generally sufficiently flexible to enable removal of the hardened mold, as long as a release agent has been applied. A death mask is very similar.

Also see mask, and a lesson on mask making using plaster bangages.

life size - Full-scale.

Examples:

Egypt, between 1991 and 1928 BCE (early 12th Dynasty), Large Statue of Nakhti, Assiout, acacia wood, 1.785 x (width of base) 49.5 x 1.10 m, Louvre.

Mark Tansey (American, 1949-), The Innocent Eye Test, 1981, oil on canvas, Metropolitan Museum of Art, NY. Mark Tansey is known particularly for his monochromatic paintings which are often humorous mock-historical scenes that refer to art historical subjects and concern art criticism. This picture depicts a group of official looking men observing and recording a cow's reaction to a life-size painting of two cows. The men are dressed in lab coats and corporate suits, and with the exception of one man holding a mop, they are all wearing eyeglasses. The cow is looking at an actual painting: Paulus Potter (Dutch, 1625-1654), The Young Bull, 1647. See pastoral.

Cesar Martinez (Mexican, Mexico City, 1962-), Aqui estoy, 2001, inflatable latex sculpture, life size.

Jim Hellemn (American, contemporary), Bloody Bay Wall, 2001, photograph, 20 x 62 feet. Bloody Bay Wall is part of a unique ocean reef system surrounding Little Cayman Island, a popular destination for scuba divers in the British West Indies. You can see this photograph online at life-size — an image of the underwater site as if you were exploring it in real life. The scene is fully illuminated in a way that shows the true colors of the marine life. To view the Blood Bay Wall mural at life-size, click on the link above. Then click on the "Zoom In" icon. The mural image will appear in a new window. To zoom in, select the magnifying glass tool, then click, hold and drag with the left mouse button. Drag toward the lower part of the screen to zoom in. For more info hit the "See it Life-size" link. The image on the web is an 24 bit RGB image 16,992 pixels high x 53,568 pixels wide. This is life-size at typical screen resolution of 72 dpi. The full high resolution version of the Bloody Bay Wall image is 23,010 pixels high x 72,540 pixels wide. Unfortunately, the free plug-in with which to view the mural runs only on a Windows PC.

Celebritycutouts.com currently makes life-size cardboard cutouts of photos of celebrities of popular culture — entertainers, politicians, etc. "Great for parties and special events whether it's for school, business or personal enjoyment."

Also see human scale and mannequin.

ligature - In calligraphy and typography, two or more letters joined together to create a single character. Among the most common such combinations: æ (a+e) and Æ (A+E). Among other letters most commonly combined include oe, fi, ff, and ffl. When cast type was employed (before the digital revolution), a ligature was cast on the same body of type. Kerning, by comparison with ligature, is the technique of adjusting the spacing between two letters to bring them close enough to overlap. Some ligatures, including "æ", might be described as made by kerning. The horizontal spaces between lines of type are called leading.

(pr. LI-gə-chər)

Example ligatures:

Also see flourish, graphic design, lacuna, leading, letterform, lettering, letter space, placement, space, text, type, and typeface.

light

lightfast - Having the ability to resist fading on long exposure to sunlight. Denotes permanence when applied to pigment. The opposite quality is called fugitive.

lightness - The dimension of a color which is correlated with luminance and by which visual stimuli are ordered continuously from very dim to very bright. Pure white has the maximum brightness, and pure black the minimum brightness.

Also see light.

light perception - Discrimination between light and dark. Or, between brighter and darker light.

light table - A work surface of translucent white glass or plastic with a lamp beneath it, used especially for looking at transparencies and for tracing.

likeness - A loose way of referring to what may be appropriation, comparable, copy, counterfeit, facsimile, fake, forgery, homage, imitation, mirror, positive, representation, reproduction, simulacrum, and/ or simulation.

limestone - Stone composed mainly of calcium carbonate, much of it sedimentary rock and formed by fossil deposits. Marble is actually a limestone that can be polished.

Examples of works in limestone:

Egypt, c. 2620-2350 BCE (4th or 5th Dynasty), The Seated Scribe, Sakkara, painted limestone statue, 53.7 x 44 x 35 cm, Louvre. See Egyptian art and polychrome.

Mesopotamia, Tello, formerly Girsu, around 2500 BCE, Urnanshe (King of Lagash) Relief, limestone, 0.40 x 0.47 m, Louvre. See Mesopotamian art.

Egypt, early Fifth Dynasty, The Royal Descendant Hetepheres, c. 2440 BCE, limestone, Worcester Art Museum, MA. See Egyptian art.

China, Shenxi Provence, Seated Bhuddha with Attending Bodhisattvas, Northern Wei dynasty, early 6th century CE, limestone with polychrome, Worcester Art Museum, MA. See Bodhisattva, Buddhist art, and Chinese art.

Amedeo Modigliani (Italian, 1884-1920), Head, c. 1911-2, limestone, 63.5 x 12.5 x 35.0 cm, Tate Gallery, London. Another view. This elongated head was inspired by African masks and Gothic sculptures.

Henri Laurens (French, 1885-1954), Head of a Young Woman, 1920, limestone, 39.3 x 17.4 x 12.5 cm, Tate Gallery, London. See Cubism.

Also see carbon, quarry, statue, and travertine.

limit and limitation - Limitation is showing restraint, taking something only so far and then stopping before doing to much; a principle of design in contrast to horror vacui, and to emphasis or dominance.

Quotes:

• "Art lives from constraints and dies from freedom."
  Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519), Italian artist. See Renaissance.
  
  
• "Every artist knows that there is no such thing as "freedom" in art. The first thing an artist does when he begins a new work is to lay down the barriers and limitations; he decides upon a certain composition, a certain key, a certain relation of creatures or objects to each other. He is never free, and the more splendid his imagination, the more intense his feelings, the farther he goes from general truth and general emotion."
  Willa Cather (1873-1947), American author, Lights on Adobe Walls, an incomplete manuscript, in Willa Cather on Writing, 1949.
  
  
• "Art consists of limitation . . . . The most beautiful part of every picture is the frame."
  G. K. Chesterton (1874-1936), British author, Tremendous Trifles, "The Troy Theatre," 1909. See frame.
  
  
• "In art progress consists not in extension but in the knowledge of its limits."
  Georges Braque (1882-1963), French Cubist painter, Nord-Sud Revue, December 12, 1917. See knowledge.
  
  
• "It's good to have limits."
  Duke Ellington (1899-1974), American composer, pianist, and bandleader, Music Is My Mistress, 1973.
  
  
• "Creativity arises out of the tension between spontaneity and limitations, the latter (like the river banks) forcing the spontaneity into the various forms which are essential to the work of art or poem."
  Rollo May, psychologist, The Courage to Create, 1975.
  
  
• "Understatement is always the absolute best way to put forth earthshaking ideas."
  Anonymous. A humorous rule of grammar.

Also see beauty, definition, edge, elegance, simplicity, sublime, and taste.

limited edition - An edition or set of prints of a known number of impressions, usually fewer then 200, numbered and signed.

limners - May refer to any painter, but more often to itinerant American painters of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, who made literal and naïve portraits. They were largely self-taught. Also, may refer to a painter of miniatures in medieval illuminated manuscripts.

(pr. LIM-nərz)

Examples by some of the early American limners:

"The Schuyler Limner" (American, active in NY, in the Albany-Schenectady area 1717-1725), Mr. Willson, 1720, oil. The "Schuyler Limner" could possibly be Nehemiah Partridge.

"The Beardsley Limner" (American, active 1785-1805), Mrs. Hezekiah Beardsley, c. 1785-1790, oil, Yale University Art Gallery, NJ. The Beardsley Limner was an itinerant artist who executed several naive portraits along the old Boston Post Road, in Connecticut and Massachusetts, from about 1785 to 1805. This name is derived from portraits this artist made of Elizabeth and Hezekiah Beardsley. The Beardsley Limner may actually be a Connecticut pastelist Sarah Perkins. Some stylistic similarities exist between the two, but there are sufficient differences to raise questions about this identification.

"The Beardsley Limner," Little Boy in a Windsor Chair, early 19th century, oil on canvas, 32 x 25 inches, Montclair Art Museum, NJ.

"The Denison Limner" (American, active c.1790), Miss Denison, oil. "The Denison Limner" is probably Joseph Steward.

Also see American Colonial art and folk art.

line - A mark with length and direction(-s). An element of art which refers to the continuous mark made on some surface by a moving point. Types of line include: vertical, horizontal, diagonal, straight or ruled, curved, bent, angular, thin, thick or wide, interrupted (dotted, dashed, broken, etc.), blurred or fuzzy, controlled, freehand, parallel, hatching, meandering, and spiraling. Often it defines a space, and may create an outline or contour, define a silhouette; create patterns, or movement, and the illusion of mass or volume. It may be two-dimensional (as with pencil on paper) three-dimensional (as with wire) or implied (the edge of a shape or form).

Examples:

Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn (Dutch, 1606-1669), Two Studies of a Bird of Paradise, pen and sepia ink and wash, white highlights, 0.181 x 0.155 m, Louvre. See nature.

James Thurber (American, 1894-1961), All Right, Have It Your Way — You Heard a Seal Bark, c. 1937, pen and ink on paper. See contour line drawing.

Richard Long (English, 1945-), A Line Made by Walking, 1967, photograph and pencil on board, image: 37.5 x 32.4 cm, Tate Gallery, London. Long created this earth work by walking back and forth along the same line in a grassy field in Somerset, England, wearing away a thin path, which lasted until the grass grew back again. Long took this photo of his work in order to document it.

Quotes:

• "It is to be observed that straight lines vary only in length, and therefore are least ornamental. That curv'd lines as they can be varied in their degrees of curvature as well as in their length, begin on that account to be ornamental. That straight and curv'd lines joined, being a compound line, vary more than curves alone, and so become somewhat more ornamental. That the waving line, or line of beauty, varying still more, being composed of two curves contrasted, becomes still more ornamental and pleasing . . . and that the serpentine line, or line of grace, by its waving and winding at the same time different ways, leads the eye in a pleasing manner along the continuity of its variety."
  William Hogarth (1697-1764), English painter. The Analysis of Beauty.
  
  
• "Art, like morality, consists in drawing a line somewhere."
  G.K. Chesterton (1874-1936), English author.
  
  
• "As in the fourteen lines of a sonnet, a few strokes of the pencil can hold immensity."
  Dame Laura Knight (1877-1970), English. The Magic of a Line.

Also see align and alignment, angle, fold, linear, linear perspective, rectilineal, rectilinear, and tangent.

linear - A painting technique in which importance is placed on contours or outlines.

(LI-nee-ər)

Examples of paintings done in this manner:

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, The Sofa, oil on cardboard, 24 3/4 x 31 7/8 inches (62.9 x 81 cm), Metropolitan Museum of Art, NY. See Post-Impressionism.

Paul Klee (German, 1879-1940, born and died in Switzerland), The Mocker Mocked (Oder der verspottete Spötter), 1930, oil on canvas, 17 x 20 5/8 inches (43.2 x 52.4 cm), Museum of Modern Art, NY. See Bauhaus.

Stuart Davis (American, 1892-1964), New York-Paris no.2, 1931, oil on canvas, 30 1/4 x 40 1/4 inches, Portland Art Museum, ME. See New Deal art.

Roy Lichtenstein (American, 1923-1977), Little Big Painting, 1965, oil on canvas, 68 x 80 inches (172.7 x 203.2 cm), Whitney Museum of American Art, NY. This painting humorously toys with the idea of making the brushstroke visible: depicting a giant linear brushstroke, using the style of mass-produced cartoons. See Pop Art.

Also see labyrinth, painterly, rectilineal, rectilinear, and slip-trailing.

linear perspective - A system of drawing or painting in which the artist attempts to create the illusion of spatial depth on a two-dimensional surface. It works by following consistent geometric rules for rendering objects as they appear to the human eye. For instance, we see parallel lines as converging in the distance, although in reality they do not. Stated another way, the lines of buildings and other objects in a picture are slanted inward making them appear to extend back into space. If lengthened these lines will meet at a point along an imaginary horizontal line representing the eye level. Each such imaginary line is called an orthogonal. The point at which such lines meet is called a vanishing point.

The invention of linear perspective dates to the early 1400s, with Filippo Brunelleschi's experiments in perspective painting and Leon Battista Alberti's treatise on perspective theory.

Irregular applications of linear perspective have resulted in various optical illusions and anamorphosis.

Examples of pictures employing linear perspective:

Paolo Uccello (born Paolo di Dono) (Italian, 1397-1475), Perspective Study of a Chalice, pen and ink on paper, 29 x 24.5 cm, Gabinetto dei Disegni, Uffizi, Florence. See Renaissance and wireframe.

Albrecht Altdorfer (German, c. 1480-1538), The Entrance Hall of the Regensburg Synagogue, 1519, etching, 6 1/4 x 4 3/8 inches (15.9 x 11.1 cm), Metropolitan Museum of Art, NY. See Northern Renaissance.

Fra Giovanni da Verona (Italian), three panels of wood intarsia, 1520: Each conveys the appearance of open cupboard doors — a trompe l'oeil effect resulting from the use of linear perspective. The first panel: a Campanus sphere, a mazzocchio, and various instruments of the geometer. The second panel: a complex polyhedron which can be constructed by erecting a pyramid of equilateral triangles on each face of an icosidodecahedron. The third: the Campanus sphere again, along with an icosahedron and a truncated icosahedron.

Hieronymus Rodler (German, d. 1539), Zu eynem Gewelb/so du off die art haben willt . . . (A vault the way you'd like it),1531, woodcut, 8 1/2 x 5 5/8 inches, from Hieronymus Rodler, Eyn schön nützlich Büchlin vnd Vnderweisung der Kunst des Messens mit dem Zirckel. Siemeren, 1531, leaf D2, Getty Research Institute, Malibu, CA. See vault.

Tommaso Laureti (Italian, 1530-1602), Design for a portion of an illusionistic ceiling, 1583, engraving, 8 3/8 x 12 5/8 inches, From Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola, Le due regole della prospettiva pratica, Rome, 1583, p. 88, Getty Research Institute, Malibu, CA.

Vincent van Gogh (Dutch, 1853-1890), A Corridor in the Asylum, late May or June, 1889, black chalk and gouache on pink Ingres paper, 25 5/8 x 19 5/16 inches (65.1 x 49.1 cm), Metropolitan Museum of Art, NY. See Post-Impressionism.

Dorothea Lange (American, 1895-1965), The Road West, 1938, depicted: United States of America, gelatin silver print, 17.3 x 24 cm (6 13/16 x 9 7/16 inches), Metropolitan Museum of Art, NY. See photography.

Maurits Cornelis Escher (Dutch, 1898-1972), Belvedere, 1958, lithograph, 8 1/4 x 11 5/8 inches (462 x 295 mm), National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC. This belvedere has three stories, but its drawing results in an optical illusion. Escher has employed a hybrid of linear perspective that produces a mixture of two possibilities. Note how the pillars connect the second to the third story.

Robert Longo (American, contemporary), Tongue to the Heart, 1984, acrylic and oil on wood panel, cast plaster, hammered lead on wood, Durotran, and acrylic on canvas, 136 x 216 x 25 inches, Eli Broad Foundation.

Other resources concerned with linear perspective:

• "Chalkboard" on linear perspective, and other drawing skills. Chalkboard is produced by Ralph Larmann, an art faculty member at the University of Evansville, IN.

Also see horizon line, rectilineal, rectilinear, and wireframe.

linen - A cloth woven from thread made from fibers of the flax plant. Although it has been used in many ways, linen has been an especially desireable support for painting. As such it is one of several textiles that may be called canvas.

Examples:

Egypt, Thebes, Sheet of Royal Linen, c. 1466 BCE, Dynasty 18, reign of Hatshepsut 6-7, linen, greatest width 63 3/8 inches (161 cm), greatest length 16 feet 11 inches (515 cm), weight 2.9 ounces (140 g), 118 warp, 77 weft per square inches (46 warp, 30 weft per square cm), Metropolitan Museum of Art, NY. See Egyptian art.

Germany, Altar Cloth: Christ in Judgment and others, second half of the 14th century, embroidery of linen on linen, width 47 1/4 inches (120 cm), length 13 feet (396.2 cm), Metropolitan Museum of Art, NY.

Also see textile.

linocut - Linoleum cut.

linoleum cut, linocut, or lino-cut - A linoleum block or plate used for making relief prints. Linoleum is a durable, washable material formerly used more for flooring as vinyl flooring is used today. It is usually backed with burlap or canvas, and may be purchased adhered to a wooden block. The linoleum can be cut in much the same way woodcuts are produced, however its surface is softer and without grain. Also refers to a print made with this method. Linoleum cuts have been made by Henri Matisse (French, 1869-1954) and Pablo Picasso (Spanish, 1881-1973).

Other examples:

Sybil Andrews (English, 1898-1992), Steeplechasing, 1932, linoleum cut in three colors, printed from 3 blocks in Chinese orange, alizarin purple madder and Prussian blue on buff oriental laid tissue paper, 6 x 10 3/4 inches.

Maurits Cornelis Escher (Dutch, 1898-1972), Reflection, 1950, linoleum cut printed from two blocks, 26 x 32 cm. Two raindrops have fallen into a pond, and, with the concentric, expanding ripples that they cause, disturb the still reflection of a tree with the moon behind it. See optical illusion and World of Escher.

James Lescesne Wells (American, 1902-1992), Escape of the Spies from Canaan, about 1933, linoleum cut print. See African American art.

Carlos Cortez (American, 1923-), De la tierra somos !no somos ilegales!, 1984, linoleum cut in black on paper, 36 x 24 1/4 inches (91.5 x 61.6 cm), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC. See Chicano art.

Carlos Cortez (American, 1923-), To Fan the Flames!, 1984, linoleum cut in black on paper, 22 1/2 x 17 inches (57.1 x 43.2 cm), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC.

Roy Lichtenstein (American, 1923-1997), the six prints in the "Bull Profile Series,"

Bull I, (the most figuratively representational image of the six),

Bull II,

Bull III,

Bull IV,

Bull V,

and Bull VI (the most abstract image of the six), 1973, each is a linoleum cut on paper, and each is 68.5 x 89.0 cm, Tate Gallery, London. See Pop Art and profile.

Sol LeWitt (American, 1928-), Untitled, 2001, linoleum cut, 30 x 30 inches, edition of 100. See circle, conceptual art, and Minimalism.

Peter Gourfain (American, 1934-), Hen Eys Tru Ile, 1993, linoleum cut on handmade paper. Peter Gourfain is fascinated by language and has developed his own alphabet (used here in his signature), and many of his works incorporate palindromes -- words or phrases that read the same backward as forward. The title of this work is culled from the apparently random vertical sorting of one column of text, which, when read in normal sequence offer the aphorism,“When money speaks truth is silent.” The four corner heads are inhabited by another sort of text: signing hands that spell out F-E-A-R.

Jonnel Covault (American, contemporary), Catarpillar Island, linoleum cut, 28 x 20 inches, Blackfish Gallery, Portland, OR. See reflection.

Quote:

• "I have often thought that this simple medium is comparable to the violin with its bow: a surface, a gouge - four taut strings and a swatch of hair. The gouge, like the violin bow, is in direct rapport with the feelings of the engraver. And it is so true that the slightest distraction in the tracing of a line causes a slight involuntary pressure of the fingers on the gouge and has an adverse effect on the line."
  Henri Matisse, 1946.

linseed oil - A drying oil used in paints, usually boiled to make it faster drying.

Also see marbling.

lintel - In architecture, a horizontal beam of any material spanning an opening, usually between two walls or posts.

Examples:

Egypt, 1878-1843 BCE (12th Dynasty), Lintel of Sesostris III, Medamoud Temple, limestone bas-relief, 1.065 x 2.21 m, Louvre. Although lintels are usually treated as merely functional, and often hidden, they are occasionally emphasized, as this one was. See rectangle.

France, Christ in Majesty, lintel at the church of Saint-Génis-des-Fontaines, 1019-1020, Romanesque, carved stone.

Emilie Benes Brzezinski (Swiss, contemporary), Lintel, 1993, cast bronze, 128 x 177 x 28 inches, Grounds For Sculpture, Hamilton, NJ. Lintel was first sculpted from cherry wood, and then cast into bronze at the Johnson Atelier Technical Institute of Sculpture. Both post and lintel can be seen here.

Also see frieze, lateral, post and lintel, trabeation, and tympanum.

liter - A unit of liquid measurement equal to 1000 milliliters. To convert liters into gallons (US, liquid), multiply them by 0.26417; into pints, x 2.1134. Abbreviated l.

literal qualities - The realistic presentation of subject matter in an artwork, along with the elements of art found in it; avoiding distortions, exaggerations, or embellishments. This aesthetic quality is favored by imitationalism. In describing a work, one makes an inventory of its literal qualities.

Also see aesthetics, art criticism, and art history.

litharge painting - A small amount of oil is added to paint so that it covers a surface such as a lacquered one.

lithography

living rock - Rock that is carved or in some other way used in situ. Often said of sculpture or architecture carved from rock that is so huge it could never have been moved anyway.

Examples:

Egypt, Gizeh, Old Kingdom, Great Sphinx, [another image: Pyramids and Sphinx, photo from a postcard, c.1905].

In the spring of 2000, Afghanistan's Taliban (Islamic extremists in power) destroyed colossal statues of the Buddha, carved from a living rock cliff at Bamiyan, 145 km west of Kabul, Afghanistan, long before the arrival of Islam in that area. One of the statues was 53 meters high and dated to the 5th century; the other was 37 metres tall and dated to the 3rd century. These were rare examples of statuary in the Greco-Buddhist style, priceless ancient relics of this important cultural crossroads. Several thousand monks once lived in the caves next to the statue. The Taliban's supreme leader, Mullah Mohammed Omar, ordered the destruction in an edict, saying such images were contrary to Islam. "These idols have been gods of the infidels, who worshipped them, and these are respected even now and perhaps maybe turned into gods again," his edict said. Other resources on this story: 1 and 2. (See Buddhist art, Islamic art, vandalism, and xenophobia.)

Gutson Borglum (American, 1867-1941), assisted by a workforce of 400, including hard-rock miners, ranchers, hobos, and unemployed laborers, Mount Rushmore National Monument, took 14 years, completed Oct. 31, 1941, dynamited and jackhammered pegmatitic granite, height of each face c. 60 feet, each nose 20 feet, width each eye 11 feet, the Black Hills in southwestern South Dakota. Cost nearly $1 million, 85% paid by the federal government. Visitors in 2000: 2,522,288. See monument.

Wim Delvoye (Belgian, contemporary), four pieces:
SUE, IN BAR ROUND CORNER SEE YOU THERE. A.
MUM, KEYS ARE YOU KNOW WHERE
DAVID, JUST POPPED OUT FOR A MOMENT, BACK IN TEN MINS.
TIME TO GO. CATCH YOU LATER, A.
photographs altered so that texts appear to have been carved into living rock, published in the printed and web-based art periodical TRANS> arts.cultures.media, Vol.1/2, No.3/4, 1997. This is a set of proposals for works in living rock.

Also see earth art, Egyptian art, monument, reserve column, sphinx, and stone.

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